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...American media frequently pictures U.S. leaders continuing to make decision based on realist assumptions of how principal political actors should interpret world events. However, in counterpoint to this foundation for foreign policy formation,
three imminent scholars on foreign policy formulation, Ole R. Holsti, Jerel A. Rosati and Jack L. Snyder, in their writing, are in consensus that the realist approach leaves out certain cognitive factors that can play a pivotal, often crucial, role in crisis decision-making, as well as in peacetime negotiations. Examination of three essays: “Crisis Management” by Holsti; “The Power of Human Cognition in the Study of World Politics” by Rosati; and “Rationality on the Brink” by Snyder, will demonstrate that these experts tend to substantiate each other’s point and argue persuasive that more attention should be paid by scholar, and by implication, policymakers to the cognitive theory and particularly to what is known concerning the factors that affect decision making while under stress.
In his essay, Holsti begins by citing the words...