...base for life and the mind was a mystical gift without mass. Plato thought that humans had souls that were immortal. Aristotle believed that mind and body were one and the same. Descartes, being a mathematician, saw the body and mind in concrete terms. The body was a machine, made of matter and functioning as a process of re-action, or cause and effect. The mind was a different matter altogether. Alan Turing, who argued that a computer could respond intelligently to a human...