...their empire beyond Spain, they were driven back by a Frankish ruler, Charles Martel, the ruler of the Frankish kingdom that covered what is now France, Belgium and Holland (New Internationalist, 2001). Martel's son extended the Frankish influence, conquering the German-speaking populations to the east. Martel's grandson, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) inherited in 768 what was basically a federated kingdom covering most of Europe (New Internationalist, 2001). Charlemagne went on to conquer Rome and set himself up as the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
On Christmas day in the year 800 in Rome, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, which was a title that had not been used in the West since the death of Romulus Augustus in 476 (Wikpedialcom, 2001). His official title was Imperator Augustus (Anonymous, 2001). Charlemagne's reign is frequently referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance, because it marked a renewed interest in the West in scholarship, literature, art and architecture. Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and...